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报道:在以往的评论中多次提到,信号转导并非是传统想象中的一维的,直线的,单一的模式,而且非常复杂的,不仅是直线的,而且是曲线的,网络的,甚至混沌的,同时还包括很强的定位和定量特性。所谓曲线,因为机体内蛋白质相互作用十分复杂,一个信号不可能是单一传导,而且有许多其它蛋白质或信号去增强它,抑制它,构成了一个信号反馈网络,从而保证了信号传导的精确性。如果将信号比作为一个大型机器,它在每一级传导过程中,都会有相应的检测机制,通过正负反馈的调节使信号定量和定位地传导下去。本期Science上发表文章认为NF-KB信号由于正负反馈的调控,存在明显的震荡现象。专家认为,信号转导的震荡是一种普遍现象,正负反馈地调节决定了震荡存在的必然性,而且这种震荡还不是我们想象中这样简单,信号传导的每一级都会形成一个小的反馈环,而整个信号又会形成一个大的反馈环,通过不断地调控和震荡,使信号精确传导下去。可以相信,在未来几年内,会出现一个理想的数学模型研究信号传导的机理,它将极大推动人类对信号转导的认识。早在2001年便提出了信号转导研究的定量和定位假说,在国内引起一定的反响。
另外,信号转导中还存在一个定位传导问题。细胞接受外界信号,细胞内蛋白质传导这一信号,但信号并非遍布整个细胞,而是局限于细胞的局部。而且同一信号在细胞的不同部位,最终产生的效应也将是不同的,这种信号转导的定位特征,使信号转导变得更为复杂而有趣。目前有关信号的定位研究还仅仅局限于神经细胞和心肌细胞的信号研究,但相信这种现象同样存在于所有的细胞类型中。
同期Science还有另外一篇报道认为细胞内存一个调控Ca2+/CaM信号的网络,其实这一初步研究也提示,信号转导本身也是受其它信号控制的,而且是一个复杂的网络信号的调控。具体见下面的相关报道。
NF-{kappa}B is a family of dimeric transcription factors (usually RelA/p65:p50) that regulates cell division, apoptosis, and inflammation (1). NF-{kappa}B dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells by binding to I{kappa}B proteins. NF-{kappa}B–activating stimuli activate the inhibitor kappa B kinase (IKK) signalosome that phosphorylates I{kappa}B [at Ser32 and Ser36 on I{kappa}B{alpha} (2)] and NF-{kappa}B [at Ser536 in RelA (3, 4)]. Phosphorylated I{kappa}B proteins are then ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome, liberating NF-{kappa}B dimers to translocate to the nucleus and regulate target gene transcription.
I{kappa}B{alpha} is a transcriptional target for NF-{kappa}B (5), creating a negative feedback loop (Fig. 1A) in which its delayed expression gives the system similar characteristics to the circadian clock (6) and to ultradian oscillators such as p53 (7, 8) and the segmentation clock (8, 9). I{kappa}B{alpha} contains both nuclear localization and export sequences, enabling its nuclear-cytoplasmic (N-C) shuttling. Newly synthesized free I{kappa}B{alpha} binds to nuclear NF-{kappa}B, leading to export of the complex to the cytoplasm (10). This complex, but not free I{kappa}B{alpha}, is the target for I{kappa}B{alpha} phosphorylation by IKK (11, 12).
Fig. 1. Oscillations in NF-{kappa}B localization. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating the potential mechanism for repeated oscillations in NF-{kappa}B (p65/RelA) N-C localization. (B) Time-lapse confocal images of SK-N-AS cells expressing RelA-DsRed (red) and I{kappa}B{alpha}-EGFP (green) showing single-cell asynchronous N:C oscillations in RelA-DsRed localization after stimulation with 10 ng/ml TNF{alpha}. The arrow marks one oscillating cell. Times, min; scale bar, 50 祄. [View Larger Version of this Image (78K GIF file)]
Oscillations in the temporal response of NF-{kappa}B activity have been observed by electromobility shift assay (EMSA) only in studies of I{kappa}B |
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