新英格兰杂志今日公布的气管插管规范

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INDICATIONS
Orotracheal intubation is indicated in any situation that requires definitive control of the airway. Orotracheal intubation is commonly performed to facilitate control of the airway in a patient undergoing general anesthesia. It is also performed as part of the care of critically ill patients with multisystem disease or injuries. Emergency indications include cardiac or respiratory arrest, failure to protect the airway from aspiration, inadequate oxygenation or ventilation, and existing or anticipated airway obstruction.
适应症
气管插管适用于任何确实需要气道管理的状况。为了便于气道管理，患者全身麻醉时常常需要气管插管;气管插管也是多系统疾病或损害的危重患者监护的一部分。紧急适应症包括心跳或呼吸骤停、气道不能防止误吸、缺氧或通气不足、气道阻塞。

CONTRAINDICATIONS
禁忌症
In urgent situations or emergencies, such as when a patient is in cardiac arrest,airway management is of paramount importance, and there are very few contraindications to orotracheal intubation. Orotracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy is somewhat contraindicated in a patient with partial transection of the trachea, because the procedure can cause complete tracheal transection and loss of the airway.
在紧急状态下或急症时，如患者心跳骤停，气道管理极为重要，但气管插管仍有极少的禁忌症。直接喉镜下气管插管对已行部分气管切除的患者相对禁忌，因为气管插管步骤导致气管全部横断及气道损伤。

In these cases, surgical airway management may be necessary. Unstable cervical spine injury is not a contraindication, but strict, in-line stabilization of the cervical spine must be maintained during intubation. An assistant should stand at the side of the bed and hold the patient’s head, neck, and shoulders in an anatomically neutral position. The anterior portion of the cervical collar is opened or removed to permit the patient’s mouth to be fully opened.
在这些患者中，手术气道管理可能是必需的，不稳定颈椎损伤不是禁忌症，但是插管时颈椎必须保持严格的、呈线性固定。助手应该站在床旁一侧托住患者的头、颈，使患者双肩保持自然体位。敞开或去掉患者颈部衣领口，保持患者口腔全部张开。

When immediate intubation is not required, the difficulty of intubation should first be assessed. This assessment is discussed in detail in the Preparation section,under Sedation and Paralysis.
当不需要紧急插管，则应该首先评估插管的难点，在下面的术前准备、镇静与麻醉章节中详细讨论评估。

编译：
适应症

气管插管适用于任何确实需要气道管理的状况。为了便于气道管理，患者全身麻醉时常常需要气管插管;气管插管也是多系统疾病或损害的危重患者监护的一部分。紧急适应症包括心跳或呼吸骤停、气道不能防止误吸、缺氧或通气不足、气道阻塞。

禁忌症

在紧急状态下或急症时，如患者心跳骤停，气道管理极为重要，但气管插管仍有极少的禁忌症。直接喉镜下气管插管对已行部分气管切除的患者相对禁忌，因为气管插管步骤导致气管全部横断及气道损伤。

在这些患者中，手术气道管理可能是必需的，不稳定颈椎损伤不是禁忌症，但是插管时颈椎必须保持严格的、呈线性固定。助手应该站在床旁一侧托住患者的头、颈，使患者双肩保持自然体位。敞开或去掉患者颈部衣领口，保持患者口腔全部张开。

当不需要紧急插管，则应该首先评估插管的难点，在下面的术前准备、镇静与麻醉章节中详细讨论评估。